Adenocarcinoma mucinoso del canal anal: caso clínico y cómo evitar el error en su diagnóstico / Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the anal canal: clinical case and how to avoid errors in its diagnosis / Adenocarcinoma mucinoso do canal anal: caso clínico e como evitar erros no seu diagnóstico

El manejo del adenocarcinoma de recto se ha visto revolucionado por la cirugía mesorectal y la neoadyuvancia al igual que el cáncer epidermoide de ano con el protocolo de Nigro. Sin embargo, los adenocarcinomas de ano constituyen una patología infrecuente, relacionada con procesos inflamatorios crónicos como las fístulas perianales y cuyo tratamiento genera controversias. El desconocimiento de sus características clínicas e imagenológicas puede generar una confusión diagnóstica principalmente con un absceso perianal. Presentamos el caso clínico de un adenocarcinoma de canal anal en relación a una fístula perianal crónica y una revisión de la literatura actual sobre el tema.

The mesorectal surgery and the neoadyuvant treatment have changed the management of rectal adenocarcinoma. The Nigro protocol had the same impact on the squamous cell cancer of the anus. However, the adenocarcinoma of the anus is an infrequent pathology, related to chronic inflammatory processes such as perianal fistulas and its treatment generates controversy. The lack of knowledge about clinical and imaging characteristics of this pathology can lead to diagnostic confusion, mainly with a perianal abscess. We hereby present the clinical case of an anal canal adenocarcinoma in relation to a chronic perianal fistula and a review of the current literature on the subject.

O manejo do adenocarcinoma retal foi revolucionado pela cirurgia mesorretal e pelo tratamento neoadjuvante, assim como o câncer de células escamosas do ânus com o protocolo Nigro. Entretanto, os adenocarcinomas do ânus são uma patologia pouco frequente, relacionada a processos inflamatórios crônicos como as fístulas perianais e cujo tratamento gera controvérsias. O desconhecimento de suas características clínicas e de imagem pode levar a uma confusão diagnóstica, principalmente com o abscesso perianal. Apresentamos o caso clínico de um adenocarcinoma do canal anal relacionado a uma fístula perianal crônica e uma revisão da literatura atual sobre o assunto.

Effects of radical radiotherapy combined with different regimens of chemotherapy on radiation intestinal injury in patients with non-metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the effects of radical radiotherapy combined with different chemotherapy regimens (fluorouracil-based versus docetaxel plus cisplatin) on the incidence of radiation intestinal injury and the prognosis in patients with non-metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to recruit non-metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma patients who underwent chemoradiotherapy in the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and Nanfang Hospital from July 2013 to January 2021. Inclusion criteria: (1) newly diagnosed anal and perianal squamous cell carcinoma; (2) completed radical radiotherapy combined with concurrent chemotherapy; (3) tumor could be evaluated before radiotherapy. Exclusion criteria: (1) no imaging evaluation before treatment, or the tumor stage could not be determined; (2) patients undergoing local or radical resection before radiotherapy; (3) distant metastasis occurred before or during treatment; (4) recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma. A total of 55 patients (48 from the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and 7 from Nanfang Hospital) were given fluorouracil (the 5-FU group, n=34) or docetaxel combined with the cisplatin (the TP group, n=21). The evaluation of radiation intestinal injury, hematological toxicity and 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate were compared between the two groups. The effects of chemotherapy regimen and other clinicopathological factors on the incidence and severity of acute and chronic radiation intestinal injury were analyzed. The assessment of radiation intestinal injury was based on the American Cancer Radiotherapy Cooperation Group (RTOG) criteria. Results: During radiotherapy and within 3 months after radiotherapy, a total of 45 patients developed acute radiation intestinal injury, including 18 cases of grade 1 (32.7%), 22 cases of grade 2 (40.0%) and 5 cases of grade 3 (9.1%). No patient developed chronic radiation intestinal injury. Among the 34 patients in the 5-FU group, 21 had grade 2-3 radiation intestinal injury (21/34, 61.8%), which was significantly higher than that in the TP group (6/21, 28.6%) (χ(2)=5.723, P=0.017). Multivariate analysis showed that 5-FU chemotherapy regimen was an independent risk factor for radiation intestinal injury (HR=4.038, 95% CI: 1.250-13.045, P=0.020). With a median follow-up period of 26 (5-94) months, the 3-year DFS rate of patients in TP group and 5-FU group was 66.8% and 77.9%, respectively, whose difference was not significant (P=0.478). Univariate analysis showed that the DFS rate was associated with sex, age, tumor location, T stage, N stage, and induction chemotherapy (all P<0.05), while the DFS rate was not associated with chemotherapy regimen or radiation intestinal injury (both P>0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that age ≥ 50 years old was an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of patients (HR=8.301, 95% CI: 1.130-60.996, P=0.038). Conclusions: For patients with non-metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma, radical radiotherapy combined with TP chemotherapy regimen can significantly reduce the incidence of radiation intestinal injury as compared to 5-FU regimen. However, due to the short follow-up time, the effect of different chemotherapy regimens on the prognosis is not yet clear.

Melanoma anal, patología infrecuente, reporte de un caso / Anal melanoma uncommon pathology, case report / Melanoma anal, patologia infreqüente, relato de um caso

El melanoma anal (MA) es un tumor infrecuente, caracterizado por presentar un comportamiento agresivo y mal pronóstico(1). La sintomatología inespecífica con la cual se presenta y su similitud con etiologías benignas anorrectales, dificulta el diagnóstico y puede conducir a un retraso en el mismo(2)(3). Por lo tanto, es necesaria una exploración física minuciosa y un elevado índice de sospecha. Se discute el caso de una paciente que consultó por tumoración anal dolorosa, no pigmentada y rectorragia; a la que se le realiza diagnóstico de melanoma anal.

Anal melanoma (MA) is an infrequent tumor, characterized by aggressive behavior and poor prognosis(1). The nonspecific symptomatology and its similarity with benign anorectal etiologies, makes the diagnosis difficult and leads to a delay in it(2)(3).Therefore, a thorough physical examination and a high index of suspicion are necessary. The case of a patient who consulted for a non-pigmented and painful anal mass with rectal bleeding is discussed; which is diagnosed with anal melanoma.

O melanoma anal (MA) é um tumor infrequente, caracterizado por apresentar um comportamento agressivo e ter um mauprognóstico(1). A sintomatologia inespecífica da sua apresentação e a sua similaridade com etiologias benignas anorretais dificultam o diagnóstico e pode levar a um atraso do mesmo(2)(3). Por tanto é necessário uma exploração física minuciosa e um indice de suspeita elevado. Discute-se o um caso de uma paciente que consultou por uma tumoração anal, dolorosa, não pigmentada e retorragia, a qual se realizou o diagnostico de melanoma anal.

Cáncer anal: resultados clínicos, toxicidades y supervivencia libre de colostomía comparando técnicas de radioterapia conformada tridimensional versus radioterapia de intensidad modulada / Anal cancer: clinical results, toxicities and colostomy-free survival comparing three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy techniques versus intensity modulated radiotherapy

Las técnicas definitivas de quimio-radioterapia para el cáncer anal, radioterapia tridimensional conformada (3DCRT) o radioterapia de intensidad modulada (IMRT) dan excelentes resultados a largo plazo. Evaluamos resultados en centros de radiación basados en la comunidad. Se evaluaron retrospectivamente 281 pacientes tratados con quimio-radioterapia definitiva para carcinoma anal loco-regional, entre 2006 y 2014. El 95% realizó quimioterapia. Se evaluaron datos de toxicidades, progresión de la enfermedad y necesidad de colostomía durante el período de seguimiento. La supervivencia global, supervivencia libre de progresión y colostomía libre se calcularon con métodos de Kaplan-Meier. La edad media fue 63.7 años con seguimiento medio de 60 meses. Ciento sesenta y nueve pacientes recibieron IMRT y 112 recibieron 3DCRT. La dosis total media tumoral fue 54 Gy. El 80% experimentó complicaciones agudas, y el 56% requirió interrupción de tratamiento. No hubo diferencias significativas en supervivencia global, supervivencia libre de progresión, supervivencia libre de colostomía ni control local a dos años entre ambos grupos. La IMRT tuvo menos suspensión del tratamiento (48% vs. 65%) (p=0.0261). El grupo IMRT tuvo una reducción significativa de todas las toxicidades agudas ≥3 y gastrointestinales (GI) tardías, en comparación con los tratados con 3DCRT. Esta serie representa una de las mayores comparaciones 3DCRT vs. IMRT para el tratamiento definitivo de cáncer anal. Los resultados a largo plazo no difieren significativamente en función de la técnica de radioterapia (RT). La IMRT reduce todas las toxicidades ≥ grado 3 y la necesidad de interrupción en comparación con 3DCRT (AU)

The definitive techniques of chemo-radiotherapy for anal cancer, 3DCRT or IMRT, give excellent long-term results. We evaluated results in community-based radiation centers. We retrospectively evaluated 281 patients treated with definitive chemo-radiotherapy for locoregional anal carcinoma, between 2006 and 2014. The 95% performed chemotherapy. Toxicity data, progression of the disease, need of colostomy during the follow-up period were evaluated. Global survival (GS), progression free survival (PFS), and free colostomy survival (CFS) were calculated with Kaplan-Meier methods. Mean age was 63.7 years with a mean follow-up of 60 months. One hundred and sixty nine patients received IMRT and 112 received 3DCRT. The total mean tumor dose was 54 Gy. The 80% experienced acute complications, and 56% required treatment interruption. There was no significant difference in GS, PFS, CFS or local control at two years between both groups. The IMRT had less treatment discontinuation (48% vs. 65%) (p = 0.0261). The IMRT group had a significant reduction in all acute toxicities ≥3 and late gastrointestinal, compared with those treated with 3DCRT. This series represents one of the largest 3DCRT vs. IMRT comparisons for the definitive treatment of anal cancer. The long-term results do not differ significantly depending on the RT technique. The IMRT reduces all toxicities ≥ grade 3 and the need for interruption compared to 3DCRT (AU)

Estudo de fase II de substituição do 5-FU por capecitabina no esquema de quimio-radioterapia em pacientes com carcinoma de células escamosas do canal anal / Phase II study of capecitabine in substitution of 5-FU in the chemoradiotherapy regimen for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal

Introdução: O carcinoma de células escamosas (CEC) do canal anal é uma neoplasia pouco frequente, correspondendo a 1-5% dos tumores intestinais. Entretanto, o risco de CEC do canal anal vem crescendo. O tratamento padrão do CEC de canal anal nos estádios II-III consiste em 5-fluorouracil infusional associado a mitomicina-C e radioterapia, desde 1974. Estudos clínicos com o objetivo de identificar novos esquemas terapêuticos mais convenientes para câncer do canal anal devem continuar. Métodos: Pacientes com CEC de canal anal T2-4N0M0 ou T (qualquer) N1-3M0, com bom performance clínico, função renal e hematológica normais foram tratados com capecitabina 825 mg/m2 12/12 horas durante a radioterapia associada a dose única de mitomicina-C 15 mg/m2 no Dia 1. O objetivo primário do estudo foi determinar a taxa de controle local em 6 meses da associação de capecitabina, mitomicina-C e radioterapia em pacientes com câncer do canal anal. Os objetivos secundários foram determinar a taxa de toxicidade aguda graus 3-4, conforme os critérios da CTCaev4.0, taxa de resposta completa 6 semanas após término da quimio-radioterapia, sobrevida global e livre de progressão e taxa de colostomia em 1 ano. O tamanho da amostra foi calculado usando a ferramenta "estágio único de Fleming". Considerando 85% de eventos esperados (taxa de controle local em 6 meses), 1 desvio padrão e 5% de erro alfa, o tamanho ideal da amostra foi de 51 pacientes. Resultados: De novembro/2010 a fevereiro/2014, 51 pacientes foram incluídos, sendo avaliados 43 pacientes. Dezessete pacientes (39,5%) tinham estádio II, 11 (25,6%) estádio IIIA e 15 (34,9%) estádio IIIB. O seguimento mediano foi de 23,1 meses. Entre os pacientes que foram avaliados em 6 meses, 3 (7%) apresentaram resposta clínica parcial, 37 (86%) tiveram resposta clínica completa e 3 (7%) apresentaram progressão de doença. O controle loco-regional em 6 meses foi de 86%. Em relação às toxicidades graus 3-4, observaram-se diarreia grau 3, em...

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the anal canal is an uncommon malignancy accounting for 1-5% of intestinal tumors; however, its incidence has been increasing. Treatment for stage II and III anal canal SCC is infusional 5-fluorouracil associated with mitomycin and radiotherapy, since 1974. More convenient treatments for patients are needed. Methods: Patients with SCC of anal cancer T2-4N0M0 or T (any) N1-3M0, with good performance status, normal blood, and renal function were treated with capecitabine 825 mg/m2 bid during radiotherapy associated with a single dose of mitomycin 15 mg/m2 on day 1. Primary objective was local control rate at 6 months determined by clinical examination and radiological assessment. Sample size was calculated using Fleming single stage design. Results: From november/2010 to february/2014 51 patients were initially included, however 43 patients were assessed. Seventeen patients (39.5%) were stage II, 11 patients (25.6%) stage IIIA, and 15 patients (34.9%) stage IIIB. Four patients (9.3%) were HIV-positive, while 39 (90.7%) were HIV-negative. Median follow-up was 23.1 months. Among patients who finished the treatment and were reevaluated at 6 months 3 patients (7%) presented partial response, 37 patients (86%) had complete response, and 3 patients developed progression of the disease (7%). Regarding grade 3-4 toxicities, 10 patients (23.2%) had grade 3 radiodermitis, 3 patients (6.9%) had grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia, 5 (11.6%) had grade 3 lymphopenia, 1 patient (2.3%) had grade 3 vomiting, 2 patients (4.6%) had grade 3 diarrhea and 3 patients (6.9%) had grade 3 leukopenia. One HIV+ patient had septic shock, pneumonia, herpetic encephalitis and macrophage activation syndrome. Colostomy rate was 18.6%. Conclusions: Capecitabine and mitomycin with radiotherapy seem to be a safe treatment for SCC of the anal cancer, with a complete response rate in 6 months of 86%.

Radioterapia de intensidad modulada (imrt) / Intensity modulation radiation therapy (imrt)

La radioterapia es un tratamiento efectivo en el manejo del cáncer. Es responsable de mejorar significativamente el control locorregional, la supervivencia global y la calidad de vida en múltiples tumores. Históricamente, sin embargo, sus complicaciones agudas y crónicas han reducido estos beneficios. La incorporación de la computación a la radioterapia ha permitido el desarrollo de diversas técnicas de tratamiento, incluyendo la radioterapia conformada 3D (3D-CRT) y la intensidad modulada (IMRT). Éstas permiten aumentar la dosis tumoral protegiendo los tejidos sanos, con un potencial aumento en el control del tumor y reducción de las complicaciones agudas y crónicas asociadas. Múltiples estudios prospectivos y retrospectivos han evaluado los beneficios de la IMRT en distintos tumores primarios. Hasta ahora sus principales indicaciones son cáncer de próstata y de cabeza y cuello. En otras localizaciones se han obtenido mejorías dosimétricas significativas. Se requiere mayor seguimiento para conocer los resultados clínicos tardíos de esta tecnología.

Radiation therapy is an effective treatment in cancer management. It is responsible for significant improvements in local/regional control, overall and cause-specific survival and better quality of life in many tumors. Nevertheless, in the past, acute and chronic radiation toxicity has reduced this benefits. The introduction of computer technologies to radiotherapy has allowed the development of various planning and treatment techniques, including 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and intensity modulation (IMRT), permiting to escalate tumor doses while protecting healthy tissues. This can improve tumor control and reduce acute and late complication rates associated with radiotherapy. Multiple prospective and retrospective studies have evaluated the benefits of IMRT in different primary tumors. Their main indications are head and neck and prostate cancer. In other locations, a significant dosimetric improvements of IMRT have been found, but longer follow-up is required to identify long term effects.

Tratamento com radio e quimioterapia do carcinoma epidermóide do canal anal: experiência do hospital Barão de Lucena / Radiochemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: Barao de Lucena hospital experience

Objetivos: Apresentar os resultados e analisar as variáveis implicadas no tratamento e prognóstico do carcinoma epidermóide do canal anal tratado através da radio e quimioterapia no Hospital Barão de Lucena-SUS-PE. Metodologia: Análise dos prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer do canal anal submetidos a tratamento radioquimioterápico. O período de acompanhamento foi de junho de 1989 a junho de 2005. Foram incluídos os pacientes com diagnóstico histológico de câncer de canal anal, enquadrados nos estadios I, II, IIIa e IIIb, submetidos a dois ciclos de quimioterapia com 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) na dose de 1g/m²/dia em infusão contínua de 96 horas e cisplatino na dose de 100mg/m² administrado em 6 horas no segundo dia de infusão de cada ciclo, administrados na primeira e terceira semanas do esquema de tratamento radioterápico. Resultados: Avaliamos 108 prontuários de pacientes que preencheram os critérios do protocolo. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 51 meses (1-182 meses). Houve predomínio do gênero feminino (81,5 por cento dos pacientes). A idade variou de 33 a 83 anos (média de 59 anos). O tipo histológico mais freqüente foi o carcinoma de células escamosas (80,6 por cento dos casos). Em 21 pacientes, foi diagnosticado carcinoma basalóide. Quanto ao grau de diferenciação, prevaleceu o tipo moderadamente diferenciado (61 por cento dos pacientes com carcinoma de células escamosas). O índice de resposta inicial completa foi de 89,8 por cento. Onze pacientes persistiram com tumor após o tratamento radio e quimioterápico. O índice de resposta inicial completa foi menor nos estadios IIIa e IIIb em relação aos estadios I e II com significância estatística (p<0,05). 14 pacientes evoluíram com recidiva tumoral, oito com recidiva local (7,4 por cento) e seis (5,5 por cento) com recidiva linfática e à distância. CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento radioquimioterápico exclusivo do carcinoma epidermóide do canal anal, tem índice de resposta completo bastante elevado co...

Objectives: To present the results and analyze the variables involved in the treatment and prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal treated by radiotherapy and chemotherapy at the Hospital Barao de Lucena-SUS-PE. Methodology: Analysis of medical records of patients diagnosed with anal cancer treated by chemoradiation. The monitoring period was from June 1989 to June 2005. We included patients with histologically confirmed cancer of the anal canal, framed in stages I, II, IIIa and IIIb, underwent two cycles of chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) at a dose of 1g / m² / day continuous infusion 96 hours and cisplatin at a dose of 100 mg / m² administered at 6 hours the second day of infusion of each cycle, administered on the first and third weeks of radiotherapy treatment regimen. Results: We evaluated records of 108 patients who met the criteria of the protocol. The mean follow-up was 51 months (1-182 months). There were more females (81.5 percent of patients). The age ranged from 33 to 83 years (mean 59 years). The most common histological type was squamous cell carcinoma (80.6 percent of cases). In 21 patients, was diagnosed Basaloid carcinoma. Regarding the degree of differentiation, the most prevalent type was moderately differentiated (61 percent of patients with squamous cell carcinoma). The rate of initial complete response was 89.8 percent. Eleven patients had persistent tumor after radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The initial response rate was lower in complete stages IIIa and IIIb compared to stages I and II with statistical significance (p <0.05). 14 patients developed recurrence, eight with local recurrence (7.4 percent) and six (5.5 percent) with lymphatic recurrence and distance. CONCLUSIONS: The chemoradiation treatment of unique cell carcinoma of the anal canal, have complete response rate very high with acceptable morbidity. Surgical treatment still has its value in cases of persistent injury and / or local recurrence, with sati...

Rescate quirúrgico en cáncer de canal anal refractario al tratamiento de nigro / Surgical rescue in cancer of refractory anal channel to the treatment of nigro

Antecedentes: El cáncer de ano representa el 1,5% de los tumores digestivo siendo el tipo histológico predominante el carciroma escamoso. En el cáncer del canal, el tratamiento estándar con radioquimioterapia concurrente (protocolo de Nigro) permite obtener curaciones de alrededor del 60%. Ante su fracaso se puede recurrir a la cirugía (amputación abdominoperineal, linfadenectomía o ambas). Objetivo: Evuluar las opciones terapéuticas y sus resultados en carcinoma escamoso de canal anal y la conducta ante los fracasos de la radioquimioterapia. Lugar de aplicación: Hospital oncológico universitario. Diseño: Retrospectivo. Población 43 pacientes (25 mujeres y 18 hombres) con cáncer de canal anal tratados con radioquimioterapia. Método: Análsis de historias clínicas. Resultados: Mediana de edad: 56 años. Síntomas; dolor (77%); proctorragia (70%). Estadificación: 1 = 16%, II = 39%, IIIA = 12%, IIIB = 28%, IV = 5%. Complicaciones agudas de radioquimioterapia en el 51%. Dos pacientes fallecieron después del primer ciclo de quimioterapia. Respuesta completa: 65% de los pacientes; parcial: 12%; nula: 14%; progresión 2%. Recayeron luego de respuesta completa 6 pacientes; en 2 se efectúo amputación abdominoperineal; en 1 resección local y en 1 linfadenectomía. En los que tuvieron respuesta parcial o persistencia se llevaron a cabo en 3 amputación abdominoperineal y en 1 exploración. Mediana de seguimiento desde el ingreso: 26 meses (2-163 meses); desde la finalización de la radioquimioterapia: 22,5 meses. Libre de enfermedad 26 pacientes (60%), 4 de ellos a expensas de una amputación abdominoperineal. Conclusiones: El fracaso del tratamiento ocurre habitaulamente antes del tercer año y puede ser compensado con un rescate quirúrgico. El 28% de los pacientes de esta serie permanece libres de enfermedad a expensas de una resección quirúrgica radical.

Câncer ano-reto-cólico - aspectos atuais: I - câncer anal / Anal canal and colorectal cancer - current features: I - anal canal cancer

A inclusão do tema - câncer anal - nessa revisão, apesar de sua relativa raridade, responde, em parte, ao propósito de chamar atenção para o significativo aumento dessa lesão e sua estreita relação com doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, principalmente causadas pelo vírus do papiloma humano (HPV); seus aspectos nosológicos, sua epidemiologia, sua etiologia multifatorial, seus fatores de riscos, sua prevenção e, em parte, para revelar a definição atual do tratamento.

The inclusion of the theme - anal cancer - in this revision, in spite of its relative rarity, it answers, partly, to the purpose of calling attention for the significant increase of that lesion and its narrow relationship with sexually transmissible diseases mainly caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV); its nosologic aspects, epidemiology, etiology, and the multifactorial nature of risk that is associated to the disease, its prevention, and, partly, to reveal the current definition of the treatment.

Tratamento do carcinoma do canal canal com quimiorradioterapia ou radioterapia exclusiva / Localized Anal Canal Carcinoma treated by Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) or Radiatherapy (RT) Alone

O melhor esquema de quimioterapia (QT) no tratamento do carcinoma anal ainda permanece indeterminado. O esquema quimioterápico aceito como padrão é a combinação de mitomicina-C com a infusão venosa continua (CIVI) de 5-FU. Resultados preliminares de estudo de Fase III randomizado têm confirmado sua equivalência das taxas de resposta clínica e de cura quando comparada à taxas obtidas com a combinação de cisplatina e 5-FU. Atualmente, três estudos clínicos prospectivos e randomizados em desenvolvimento estão utilizando a combinação de CP como comparação para esclarecer esta questão. Entretanto, a utilização de quimiorradioterapia na população idosa (> 70 anos) nem sempre é possível, levando estes pacientes à radioterapia exclusiva com objetivo de preservação esfincteriana. Entre o período de 1987 e 2000, um total de 179 pacientes com carcinoma localizado de canal anal foi tratado no Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) com QT/RXT. As combinações quimioterápicas utilizadas foram CP (100 mg/m2 dia1 e dia 28) com 5-FU (750-1000 mg/m2 CIVI no dia1 a dia 5 e no dia 28 ao dia 32) ou MMC (10 mg/m2 dia 1) com 5-FU (mesmo esquema de administração) seguido concomitantemente de RXT (4140 a 4500 cGy). Durante o mesmo período, um grupo de pacientes idosos (> 70 anos) foi tratado com RXT exclusiva (4140 a 4500 cGy) principalmente por não terem condições clínicas para receber QT. Os pacientes com doença persistente no sítio primário e com linfonodos clínicamente comprometidos receberam dose adicional de reforço de 10 Gy a 14,4 Gy, após um descanso das irradiações de 2 semanas. Noventa por cento dos pacientes do grupo da CP (80/86), oitenta e dois por cento do pacientes da MMC (75/93) e oitenta e oito por cento dos pacientes da RXT exclusiva (30/34) eram mulheres. A idade mediana foi de 58 anos (35-77), 55 anos (31-75) e 76 anos (70-87) para os pacientes da CP, MMC e RXT exclusiva, respectivamente. Pelos critérios de estadiamento da UICC de 1987, o número das categorias TX/1/2/3/4 dos pacientes da CP foram de 3/3/33/18/29, 5/3/27/26/30 para os pacientes da MMC e 1/0/15/11/7 para os pacientes da RXT. O número e a porcentagem para a categoria de linfoadenopatias N1/2/3 foram para CP, MMC e RXT, 1/16/11 (32,6%), 2/23/11 (39,6%) e 0/3/8 (32,3%), respectivamente. As taxas de respostas completas clínica foram semelhantes para ambos os grupos de QT/RXT (CP=72,1% e MMC=71,4%) e inferior para o grupo de RXT exclusiva (53%). Somente o sexo masculino teve um impacto negativo na predição de resposta completa (p = 0,01) à quimiorradiação. O seguimento mediano para a QT/RXT foi de 83 meses e para a RXT exclusiva 60 meses (variação 3-179 meses). As taxas de sobrevida atuarial livre de doença (SLD) e global (SG) em 10 anos foram para a CP 49% e 54%, e para a MMC 53% e 52%, respectivamente (p = 0,32 e p = 0,92). As taxas de sobrevida livre de colostomia foram para a CP = 73% e MMC = 65% (p=0,16)...

The optimal chemotherapy (CT) regimen for anal carcinoma remains undetermined. Mitomycin - C (MMC) with continuous venous infusion (CIVI) of 5-FU is still accepted as standard chemotherapy regime and it has been confirmed by preliminary results of recent randomized phase III trial, yielding equivalent response and cure rates to the Cisplatinum (CP) and 5-FU combination. Three prospective randomized clinical trials are currently using CP combinations for comparison to define this matter. However, CRT is not always appropriated to be used in the elderly population (> 70 years), driving these patients to be treated by radiotherapy alone. From 1987 to 2000, 179 patients with localized anal carcinoma were treated at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA) with CRT using CP (100 mg/m2 day1 and day28) plus 5-FU (750-1000 mg/m2 CIVI day1 to day5 and day28 to day32) or MMC (10 mg/m2 day1) plus 5-FU at same schedule, followed by concomitant RT (4140 to 4500 cGy). During the same period, a group of thirty-four aged patients were treated with RT alone (same dose above) mainly because they were not fit to receive chemotherapy. Additional RT (10.0 to 14.4 Gy) was given to patients with persistent disease at primary site and clínically involved nodal regions received after a twoweek radiation break. Ninety percent (80/86) of CP patients, 82% (75/93) of MMC patients and 88% (30/34) of RT alone patients were female. Median age was 58 years (35-77), 55 years (31-75) and 76 years (70 -87) for CP, MMC and RT alone patients, respectively. By UICC criteria of 1987, the number of TX/1/2/3/4 patients was 3/3/33/18/29 for CP patients, 5/3/27/26/30 for MMC patients and 1/0/15/11/7 for RT. The number of N1/2/3 and the percentage of lymphadenophaty for CP, MMC and RT were 1/16/11 (32,6%), 2/23/11 (39,6%) and 0/3/8 (32,3%), respectively. Complete response rate were similar in both CRT groups (CP = 72.1% and MMC = 71.4%) and inferior in RT alone group (53%). Only male gender had a negative effect on clínical complete response (p = 0.01) to chemoradiation. Median follow-up for CRT was 83 months and for RT alone 60 months (range 3-179). The actuarial 10- year overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates for CP were 54% and 49% and for MMC 52% and 53% respectively. (p = 0.32 and p = 0.92). Colostomy-free survival (CFS) rates for CP and MMC were 73% and 65%, respectively (p=0.16). RT alone in aged patients had inferior actuarial 5-year OS and DFS rates (43% and 37%, respectively). However, in the early stages of disease acceptable survivals rates were reached (DFS = 59% and OS=55%). After multivariate analysis, male gender (p=0,042) and advanced T3/T4 disease (p<0.0001) were statistically significant for worse disease free survival. T3/T4 disease (P=0.039), and N+ disease (p=0.039), remained independently significant for overall survival. Long-term follow-up confirms the good results...

Metástasis cerebrales del carcinoma epidermoide del ano: comunicación de un caso / Brain metastasis of epidermoid anal cancer: report of a case

Los tumores que nacen en el canal anal distales a la línea dentada son en su mayoría y frecuentemente queratinizantes, carcinomas de células escamosas, y representan el 1 por ciento de todos los tumores del tubo digestivo. En el pasado, el tratamiento para estos tumores era la cirugía solamente, mientras que en la actualidad es la radioquimioterapia. La cirugía de amputación abdominoperineal está reservada para las lesiones recurrentes o para aquellos que no responden a esta clase de tratamientos. Las metástasis de estos tumores son usualmente en los ganglios linfáticos regionales o inguinales, o en el hígado. En esta comunicación se considera una paciente con carcinoma epidermoide anal tratado con radioquimioterapia que presentó múltiples metástasis cerebrales meses después de haber finalizado el tratamiento, sin evidencia de recurrencia local. En nuestro conocimiento no existe ningún caso similar publicado hasta la fecha.

Tumors arising in the anal canal distal to the dentate line are most often keratinizing squamous-cell carcinomas, and represent 1 per cent of all digestive tube tumors. In the past, surgery was the only treatment for these tumors, whereas chemoradiotherapy is the current therapy. Abdominoperineal resection is reserved for recurrent lesions or those that do not respond to this kind of treatments. Metastases of these tumors are usually in the inguinal or regional lymphatic nodes, or in the liver. A patient with anal epidermoid carcinoma that underwent chemoradiotherapy treatment is considered. She had multiple brain metastasis of that anal tumor within months of finishing the treatment, with no evidence of local recurrence. To our knowledge, no similar case has been published to date.

Organ-preserving multimodality management of squamous cell carcinoma of anal canal.

AIM: To study the efficacy of an organ-preserving, sequential chemoradiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal, and of salvage surgery in those in whom this treatment fails. METHODS: Forty biopsy-proven untreated patients (28 men) with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal received two cycles of chemotherapy using cisplatin and methotrexate, followed by 45 to 60 (median 50) Gy external beam radiotherapy. Salvage surgery was offered to those in whom this treatment failed. Overall survival, disease-free survival and colostomy-free survival were analyzed. RESULTS: Most patients (n=35; 87%) had T3 or T4 lesions and 5 (12.5%) had involvement of inguinal nodes. Thirty-one patients (77.5%) had complete response after chemoradiation. Only three patients (7.5%) developed chemotherapy-related grade 3 mucositis and myelosuppression. Radiotherapy-related toxicity included grade III cystitis in one patient and grade III proctitis in three patients. Three patients had post-treatment anal stenosis requiring repeated dilatation and two had chronic non-healing ulcers at the anal verge. Nine patients had failure of chemoradiation or disease recurrence; of these, only 5 could undergo salvage surgery. After a median follow up of 60 months, overall survival, disease-free survival and colostomy-free survival were 80%, 77.5% and 72.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Chemoradiation is effective in the treatment of squamous cell anal cancer and has acceptable toxicity. Surgical salvage may be useful in those with failure of this treatment.

Carcinoma espinocelular de canal anal: análise de 11 casos / Squamous cell carcinoma of the canal anal

Anal cancer is an uncommon malignancy accounting for only a small (4 per cent) percentage of intestinal cancer. The authors described the clinical aspects and the treatment of the patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the canal anal. PATIENTS: Eleven patients with squamous cell carcinoma treated among 1995 and 1999, were analyzed retrospectively. Nine were women and two were men. The mean age was 57.6 years old (range 35-82 years old). RESULTS: The most common symptoms were rectal bleeding, local tumor and pain. Six of them had previous anal benign disease and two had metastases at the diagnosis. All were submitted to systemic chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin and radiotherapy with 4500 cGy. Four patients had residual disease after chemo radiation and salvage surgery with abdominoperineal resection was done. Three patients had recurrence and four died from the disease. CONCLUSION: Most of our patients were women. The chemo radiation can be a curable treatment in patients with local disease; conversely in patients with residual disease, abdominoperineal resection must be done. Although anal cancer is an often curable disease, four patients died because the diagnosis was done in advanced stage.

Adjuvant interstitial brachytherapy in a case of anorectal melanoma.

PURPOSE: A locally resectable case of anorectal melanoma is reported. In order to prevent local recurrence, interstitial brachytherapy was used. METHOD: A 45 years old emaciated female presented with a 8 x 6 x 6 cm, hard, mobile, intraluminal mass in the anal canal and rectum, biopsy revealed malignant melanoma. As the mass was locally resectable, wide local excision of the tumour was carried out. She was subsequently given interstitial brachytherapy with Caesium--137 implants at tumour bed, not described so far in literature. Six months later her general condition had improved but abdomino-perineal resection was necessitated due to presence of extra-rectal metastasis. RESULTS: Patient is in our follow-up for 36 months now and doing well. CONCLUSION: Supplementation of interstitial brachytherapy after local resection of ano-rectal melanoma may help to prevent local recurrence.

Condiloma acuminado perianal gigante recidivante tratado com radioterapia: experiência inicial e relato de caso / Radiotherapy in recurring giant perianal condyloma acuminatum: initial experience and case report

O condiloma acuminado é a doença sexualmente transmissível (DST) mais comum e sua incidência tem aumentado após o aparecimento da síndrome da imunideficiência adquirida. É causado pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV), podendo se apresentar como pequenas e múltiplas lesöes verrucóides, ou mais raramente como grandes, únicas e volumosas lesöes anais, sendo entäo denominado tumor de Buschke-Loewenstein, caso em que o tratamento é controverso com alto índice de recidiva. Os autores relatam a história de um paciente de 42 anos de idade, sexo masculino, branco, portador de condiloma perianal gigante recidivante que foi submetido a vários tratamentos (soluçäo de podofilina a 25 porcento, Bleomicina 1 porcento, operaçöes com ressecçäo e eletrocauterizaçäo e oxigenoterapia hiperbárica) sem sucesso. O paciente evoluiu com infecçäo perianal grave e presença de secreçäo local abundante, com dificuldade para evacuar, foi operado e feita ressecçäo da lesäo, sendo associada sigmoidostomia em alça. Como näo houve cura, e antes da indicaçäo da imputaçäo abdômino-perineal do reto iniciou-se tratamento com radioterapia. Foi administrado 4500 cGy (25 sessöes de 180 cGy cada) com equipamento de megavoltagem, culminando no desaparecimento da lesäo condilomatosa e consequente formaçäo de fibrose local. Näo ocorreu recidiva da lesäo anal, e também näo foi encontrado vírus na macrobiópsia realizada após 20 meses de seguimento ambulatorial. Este caso mostra que a radioterapia pode ser opçäo útil em casos excepcionais de lesöes condilomatosas extensas e recidivantes, antes de submeter o paciente a intervençäo radical com amputaçäo do reto e ânus

Cáncer de canal anal / Cancer of the anus

El carcinoma de canal anal es una neoplasia poco frecuente, ocupa sólo el 0.02 por ciento de todas las neoplasias malignas. En México, la frecuencia de tumores anorrectales es del 1.5 por ciento y los de canal anal corresponden al 0.18 por ciento. La incidencia ha tenido a aumentar en años recientes debido a su asociación con el virus del papiloma humano (IVPH). Las variedades histológicas más frecuentes son el carcinoma epidermoide y el cloacogénico. Los factores pronósticos más importantes son el tamaño tumoral y el estado ganglionar. El manejo tradicional era el quirúrgico, pero hoy en día el manejo combinado de quimioterapia y radioterapia ofrece los mejores resultados y la cirugía se reserva para recurrencia local o paliación. Se revisó la experiencia del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología en el manejo de esta tumoración, se analizaron 34 pacientes los cuales no habían recibido tratamiento previo y se excluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de SIDA. Se formaron cuatro grupos de acuerdo al tipo de manejo, (cirugía, radioterapia, quimio-radioterapia) (QT-RT) con 5FU, MMC, y QT-RT 5FU, CDDP. El esquema que ofreció los mejores resultados fue utilizando QT-RT con 5FU-CDDP ya que presenta menor toxicidad, mejor respuesta clínica y mejor sobrevida. El tamaño tumoral y el estado ganglionar, influyeron en la respuesta al tratamiento teniendo mejor respuesta los menores de 5 cm con ganglios negativos (p: 0.00004, respectivamante). El carcinoma epidermoide es de mejor pronóstico que el carcinoma cloacogénico (p: 0.07)

Cancer del canal anal. Una neoplasia radioquimiocurable / Cancer of the anal canal. A neoplasm curable by radiotherapy and chemotherapy

En el presente trabajo se hace una exhaustiva revisión de la anatomía de la región, de la historia de los tratamientos y de los tratamientos actuales del cáncer de canal anal. Se hace énfasis en la importancia del tratamiento conservador con radioquimioterapia (RQT). El presente es un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal descriptivo. Material y método: entre enero de 1989 y diciembre de 1994 se asistieron 20 pacientes con cáncer de canal anal con una enfermedad no metastásica. La edad media fue de 62,4 años. El sexo, 16 hombres y 4 mujeres. El performan status 0,1 o 2 de la escala del ECOG. En la anatomía patológica: 15 pacientes carcinoma epidermoide, 5 pacientes carcinoma basaloide. Estadificación E I: 2 pacientes, E II: 12 pacientes, E III: 6 pacientes, E IV: 0 pacientes. Tratamiento: La radioterapia se realizó con cobalto 60 y se irradió el tumor primario y las estructuras ganglionares regionales, pelvianas e inguinales. Se entregaron 2 Gy/día de lunes a viernes hasta 50 Gy. La quimioterapia se realizó con mitomicina C 10 mg/m² día previo a la radioterapia y 5-FU 1 g/m² intravenoso en infusión los días 1 al 4 y 29 al 32 luego de la radioterapia. Resultados: a) Control locorregional -RC- 16 pacientes (80 por ciento), RP 2 pacientes (10 por ciento), sin respuesta o con progresión lesional un paciente (5 por ciento). b) Estado vital: vivos 15 pacientes, fallecieron 5 pacientes (seguimiento 12 a 60 meses). e) Tolerancia: no hubo muertes por el tratamiento gastrointestinal y hematológico con toxicidad moderada. Conclusiones: 1) La radioquimioterapia es el tratamiento de elección 2) Es un tratamiento factible de realizarse en nuestro medio 3) Requiere de una buena relación interdisciplinaria. 4) Toxicidad predecible y tolerable. 5) Resultados de conservación del esfínter en 80 por ciento

Manejo multidisciplinario del cáncer de ano: asociación radio quimioterapia / Multidisciplinary management of anal cancer: radio-chemotherapy association

Se presentan 21 casos de cáncer anal, todos carcinomas epidermoides, tratados en forma prospectiva con asociación de quimioradioterapia desde abril de 1986 a septiembre de 1994. De ellos 17 son mujeres y 4 son hombres, con una edad promedio de 65,7 años y con un margen de 51 a 82 años. Todos se trataron con un esquema de 5FU, MyC y radioterapia externa. Se presentaron complicaciones inmediatas, durante el tratamiento correspondiendo a diarrea al 81 por ciento, náuseas y vómitos al 70 por ciento, estomatitis y radioepidermitis al 62 por ciento, y, en menores porcentajes leucopenia en 23 por ciento y deshidratación en el 9 por ciento. Las complicaciones mediatas, hasta 3 meses postratamiento fueron: incontinencia anal transitoria, leucopenia, diarrea y alopecia. El seguimiento es de 100 por ciento de los casos, con un control local de 86 por ciento. Hubo 3 fallas rescatadas por resección abdominoperineal. Actualmente el 100 por ciento vivos sin evidencia de enfermedad.